2011年9月9日 星期五

《 數位攝影 基礎概念》Round 1 • 什麼是 像素 ?

《 數位攝影 基礎概念》Round 1 • 什麼是 像素 ?:  攝影 作為當代 視覺傳達 最基礎的一環,因為發展過程緊挨著國內數位化的風潮,使得整體的發展過於速食,以致產生了許多似是而非的二手傳播。本系列文章試著從 數位攝影 的 基礎 原理入手,以精簡易懂的比喻澄清一些網路上過於模糊的定義。

 


像素(Pixel)


像素這個東西,算是數位影像裡面最基本的一個單位了。不過,像素到底是什麼東西?基本組成又是什麼呢?且讓我們回到數位的基本概念裡面,一步一步的紮好馬步,細細的去了解最基本的問題。


數位影像是由一顆顆排列整齊的像素所組成的,就像是棋盤一樣,一個方格填一顆。按照影像的組成每一顆像素呈現出不同的顏色,而且在電腦裡面,每個像素都是獨立的一筆資料。集合了一大堆的資料,按照順序排好就形成了我們在螢幕上所看到的影像。也就是說,一張一千兩百萬像素的影像,真的是由一千兩百萬顆像素以矩陣的型式排列而成的。這扎扎實實的一千兩百萬筆資料,是如何儲存在記憶卡裡面的?又佔了多少記憶空間?又是如何讓我們看見的呢?


▲CCD的內部構造圖(圖片出自於astrosurf


 


首先,我們先回到數位像機的感光元件上面來了解一下。目前市面上數位像機的感光元件,大致可分為兩種,CCD與CMOS。主要是每個單元結構的組成不同,成像原理上還是接近的。每塊感光元件,都可分為最下層的光線感應單元,中間的色彩矩陣以及最上層的微形鏡片(高階的數位單眼有的不會有)。每個成像單元對應一個像素,也就是說一千兩百萬個像素是由同樣的一千兩百萬個成像單元,一個一個匯集資訊形成的。現在,我們先從單一一個像素開始來仔細的研究!


CCD 的三層結構:上層→微型鏡片、中層→色彩矩陣、下層→感應單元。


 
▲CCD的三層結構(圖片出自於astrosurf 和富士super CCD


 


(像素是怎麼用數字來表示?請準備好筆跟計算紙,動腦時間到了~)



像素的數位表示法:


 (R,G,B) 其中 R=0~255, G=0~255, B=0~255


也就是一般的8位元,RGB彩色的像素。其中8位元的意思就是指單一像素可以表現的階調數目。在數位的世界裡面,通常是用二進位為單位。比喻來說,一盞燈只有開或關兩種狀態。但是如果按照順序橫列的八盞燈,就會有 28=256 種排列組合的狀態。為什麼用8位元來表示呢?因為早期電腦的匯流排寬度就是8位元,而當初在定義一些輸出入字元就是以這256個為定義範圍(A~Z 外加數字還有一些特殊符號,表格之類的)。當然現在電腦架構更新飛快,作業系統也都可以接受16位元,32位元甚或64位元的資料。不過因為人眼沒有辦法清楚辨識那樣細圍的差異,所以目前的數位像機或是影像擷取設備頂多就是支援到16位元。而16 位元的影像,就是從最暗到最亮總共有 216=65536 個階調,其中 (R,G,B) 的範圍就是0~65535。


 


像素的大小:


這邊所講的並不是實際的尺寸大小(這一部份會在解析度一節裡面深入探討),而是在數位世界裡面,一個像素的資料所佔據的儲存空間。以一個8位元,RGB三色的彩色影像來說,一個像素是由三個數據所組成的。描述紅色光須要 8 bits,綠色跟藍色也各佔據 8 bits,所以一個像素就剛好24bits。以下就幫大家回憶一下計算機概論囉~



1byte = 8bits


一張 8 bits RGB 彩色影像,因為 1 pixel→24bits =3 bytes


所以,一個1200萬像素的影像,在沒有進行運算壓縮的情形下,實際的檔案大小應該為:


12,000,000x3=36,000,000 bytes


除以 1024 (數位檔案裡面的進位是以 210=1024 為基準)


=35156.25 KB


再除以 1024


=34.33 MB



 


所以1200萬像素的不壓縮影像檔案大小就應該為34.33MB,數位單眼的RAW檔解開成 tiff 檔也應該接近這個數字。同樣的道理,如果你的像素基本設定更改之後,檔案大小也會更動:



  • 一張 16bits RGB 彩色影像,因為1 pixels→48 bits=6 bytes (檔案大小為 8 bits 的兩倍)
    所以同樣1200萬像素的影像,在沒有進行運算壓縮的情形下,實際的檔案大小應該為68.66MB。



  • 同理一張 8 bits CMYK 四色彩色影像,1 pixels→8x4=32 bits=4 bytes(因為一顆像素是由CMYK四個數值所組成的,所以檔案大小為 8 bits RGB 的 4/3 倍)
    所以同樣1200萬像素的影像,在沒有進行運算壓縮的情形下,實際的檔案大小應該為45.77MB。


 


早期因為儲存媒體價格居高不下,容量頂多8MB或是16MB,所以這樣大的影像一張記憶卡都不夠用。於是變產生了影像壓縮的運算法,眾所周知最出名的就是.jpg的檔案,一直沿用到現在。不過,這就是另一個大題目了!


 


(算完數學後,後面告訴你像素的紀錄流程!)



像素的紀錄流程:


雖然一個像素,都是由三個原色的光線組合而成的,但是我們的感光元件(CCD/CMOS)實際上卻是色盲。他只負責紀錄光線的強弱,而顏色的部份,就由覆蓋在上一層的色彩矩陣來紀錄。要完整記錄一個像素的資料,流程如下:


Step1.光線經由鏡頭進到感光元件表面,經由元件前的微鏡頭修正光路增加集光效率。



Step2.進到色彩矩陣,由四個RGGB的方形小單元紀錄色光,並以四個單位相互運算還原顏色。



Step3.光線最後進到集光單元,紀錄下光線的強弱(或是光子數量的多寡)產生微小的電流。


Step4.經由集光單元內的線路,將強弱不一的電流傳到QV( Electron to voltage converter)之中,將電荷轉換成電壓。


Step5.下一步再將電壓送入放大器中進一步放大(當你調整數位相機上的感光度的時候,其實也就是調整了放大的幅度),然後再把類比訊號轉換為數位訊號(ADC Analog to Digital Converter)。


▲類比訊號轉成數位訊號的過程。


Step6.ADC轉換器能將信號配合色塊馬賽克的分佈,轉換成一個2D的平面矩陣,並賦予每個像素一個數值。


Step7.最終再整合影像輸出。


 


 


一個像素被紀錄下來的過程,極為複雜。雖然我們沒有必要很精確的去了解每一個環節,但是了解成像流程,其實有助於將來在數位暗房進行後製處理的時候,對每個潛在問題的了解。比如,雜訊是如何產生的?CCD尺寸跟影像清晰度之間的關係?從原理著手,才不會永遠都是下一台相機比較好。


下一講,我們就來探討像素數目與解析度之間的糾葛與迷糊帳。


 


延伸閱讀


史上 最大數位相機:26億8千萬畫素拿來 拍星星


猴子的攝影教室第六課:破解常見的相機迷思,千萬像素真神?


新手入門的必修學分:瞭解 感光元件 CCD / CMOS 特性


美國太空總署 NASA 御用相機 Nikon D3s & D2Xs


Photoshop 修圖 最怕 細節 部份被破壞



李旭彬
目前在台南獨立經營海馬迴光畫館,從事攝影藝術的推廣及教育,並持續從事攝影創作。曾負笈佛羅倫斯、紐約及舊金山等城市學習攝影。作品主要在探討土地的議題,影像風格深沈優雅。文字風格剽悍,理性感性兼備。
看更多文章
海馬迴 光畫館


 


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Neighborhood Transit Paper Love

Neighborhood Transit Paper Love:

It’s probably pretty clear by now: I like to spend my free time ogling pretty paper online.  But by day, I’m a transit planner, and every now and then work and play intersect.  How about a round of applause for alternative transit modes, then… whether they’re traditional or not.


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Receiving this transit-themed card from Paper Parasol Press would warm the hearts of several nerdy planner/engineer types I know.


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This hand-printed streetcar art from Robert Rat Prints is sort of perfect for the work that I do. (Not to mention my home’s color scheme.)


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These gocco bicycle notecards from Chunky Pineapple are as cheerful as they are budget-friendly.


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I wish this club existed in my neighborhood!  What a great letterpress print from Letterpress Delicacies.


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For the dreamers among you, perhaps you’d rather travel by hot air balloon? These illustrations on vintage dictionary paper by Rabbit Dog Prints are pretty fantastic.


Maggie


© 2008 — 2011, Oh So Beautiful Paper




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Hand Illustrated Cards From Kathryn Whyte

Hand Illustrated Cards From Kathryn Whyte:

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Picnik collage


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I love the sweet hand illustrated paper line from Kathryn Whyte. Tell me, if someone handed you a one of those get together cards inviting you to brunch would you even hesitate to say yes?  Even if it was your arch nemesis?  I think not.


-Melanie


Photo Credits: Kathryn Whyte


© 2008 — 2011, Oh So Beautiful Paper




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Local Food Paper Love

Local Food Paper Love:

One of my very favorite things about the neighborhood that Nole and I share is Eastern Market, a large fresh food market just a short stroll away from my house.  The market attracts neighborhood folks like us all week long and a throng of tourists and other DC shoppers on the weekends.  I love that I can pop in and choose from the best meat and seasonal produce this region has to offer, sold by folks I feel great about supporting.  Three cheers for local food!


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I’ve almost purchased this gorgeous letterpress poster from Starshaped Press dozens of times.  It’s one of those “don’t have a wall for it, but really want it anyway” pieces for me, perfectly capturing why I love where I live.


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Here’s a food-related print that I wasn’t able to  resist.  My North Carolina pork-loving self had to have this Hatch Show print from California-based 4505 Meats.  Oink oink!


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I adore everything about this Seattle Eats print from Drywell Art, so much so that I wish they made prints for other cities!


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Speaking of other cities, if I lived in Knoxville, TN, I’d snap up these Yee Haw Industries Farmers Market prints in a heartbeat.  How gorgeous would a selection of the printed vegetables be lining a kitchen wall?


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For those of us without connections to Knoxville, Yee Haw Industries produce notecards are the perfect dose of fruit and vegetable letterpress.  They perfectly capture the notion of food as art, don’t you think?


Maggie


{images via their respective sources}


© 2008 — 2011, Oh So Beautiful Paper




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Gardening Paper Love

Gardening Paper Love:

Yesterday I featured some great local food art, so for my final guest post I thought I’d bring my thematic paper journey home… to our own backyards!  My husband and I just bought our house this spring and were too overwhelmed to do much gardening this summer, but you can bet that I’m gearing up for next summer in a big way.  There’s something so wonderful about growing things… it just feeds the soul, I think.


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I can’t even count all the ways I love this letterpress poster from Starshaped Press.  Pure perfection on paper!


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Every gardener needs a stash of adorable garden tool letterpress stationery (these are from Paper Lovely Press), don’t you think?


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This Old School Stationers letterpress print gorgeously captures the spirit of fresh-cut flowers on the table.


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…whereas this charming rooftop tomatoes illustrated notecard from Tella Press captures the charm of picking dinner right outside.


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I adore the simplicity of this watering can print from Miss Pettigrew’s Prints.  Perfect for hanging inside a gardening shed or back porch (that I don’t have).


zen garden


Speaking of things I don’t have… this beautiful “Zen Garden” painting from Once Upon A Paper is major inspiration for the lush garden I’d love to have one day.  A girl can dream!


Thanks for indulging me all week long, everyone!  It’s been a blast hanging out at Nole’s perch.  If you’ve decided that geeky geography/transit/food topics are right up your alley, come find me at my usual hangout The Freckled Citizen for more.  Have a wonderful weekend, folks! Maggie


{images via their respective sources}


© 2008 — 2011, Oh So Beautiful Paper




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Christine + Ian’s Woodland Wedding Invitations

Christine + Ian’s Woodland Wedding Invitations:

After a week away from my computer, I’m jumping right back into the swing of things.  I’m spending a few days in New York for the New York International Gift Fair – I’ll have a couple of recaps from the show later this week!  But first, Christine sent over her amazing DIY wedding invitations last week, and I just couldn’t wait to share them!  Christine and Ian were inspired by the woodland setting of their wedding venue, creating an incredibly cool laser cut invitation with pop-up cut out details!


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From ChristineOur wedding will be in the woods on Ian’s parent’s home.  From the first day of brainstorming, we both agreed that we wanted our wedding to take place amongst the trees.  For the past few months we’ve spent nearly every weekend at the property, building and landscaping to make what we hope will be an incredibly beautiful wedding location.


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We wanted the invitations to give our guests a sneak peek into our wedding, without revealing too much.  We used a laser cutting machine to create a pop-up forest that surrounds the headline message on our invitations – Join Us in the Woods.  The laser cut cover stock was then sewn to laser cut kraft paper for a cool multidimensional effect.


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Within the full invitation suite we included a perforated RSVP card and a field guide with sketches of local wildlife.


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We completed the invitation package with handmade buttons cut from branches found on our property.  The invitation suite was wrapped in red and white butcher’s twine around a paper bag belly band.


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The perforated response card leaves guest with helpful information and local map.  Food is selected by drawing a line from “Yes” to the corresponding food selection.  Names were hand-stamped using a Japanese stamp-kit, while the card was printed on kraft paper using our home printer.


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The final enclosure was an accordion style, fold-out booklet with illustrations of area wildlife.


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So cool!  For more on the invitation production process, you can check out Christine’s blog right here.  Thanks Christine and Ian!


Photo Credits: Christine and Ian


© 2008 — 2011, Oh So Beautiful Paper




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Arabic Wood Greeting Cards from Natoof

Arabic Wood Greeting Cards from Natoof:

Mariam from Natoof, a creative studio based in Dubai, sent over these lovely cards that she designed for the month of Ramadan.  The flat note cards feature Miriam’s botanical illustrations with Arabic calligraphy, all printed on eco-friendly birch.  The intricate designs are so beautiful!


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From Mariam: It’s always exciting to find a new material for our artwork.  Though we love paper and we love wood laser engraving, these flat birch eco-friendly wood cards are absolutely fabulous.  We thought of trying it for our season’s greeting cards and it turned out great.  Having colors printed on wood is a blast, the card is printed with beautiful flowery illustrations in the shades of dark purple, blue, yellow, green and with Arabic typography.


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Thanks Mariam!


Photo Credits: Natoof


© 2008 — 2011, Oh So Beautiful Paper




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